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EIGHTH EDITION
Statistics for Business
and Economics
Paul Newbold
University of Nottingham
William L. Carlson
St. Olaf College
Betty M. Thorne
Stetson University
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Statistics for Business
and Economics
Paul Newbold
University of Nottingham
William L. Carlson
St. Olaf College
Betty M. Thorne
Stetson University
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Global Edition
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Editorial Director: Sally Yagan
Editor in Chief: Donna Battista
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Chuck Synovec
Senior Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Steven Jackson
Editor, Global Edition: Leandra Paoli
Senior Editorial Project Manager: Mary Kate Murray
Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury
Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan
Executive Marketing Manager: Anne Fahlgren
Marketing Manager, International: Dean Erasmus
Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale
Production Project Manager: Jacqueline A. Martin
Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila
Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen
Art Director: Steve Frim
Cover Designer: Jodi Notowitz
Cover Art: © Zoe - Fotolia.com
Media Project Manager: John Cassar
Associate Media Project Manager: Sarah Peterson
Full-Service Project Management: PreMediaGlobal, Inc.
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearson.com/uk
© Pearson Education Limited 2013
The rights of Paul Newbold, William L. Carlson and Betty Thorne to be identified as authors of this work have
been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorised adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Statistics for Business and Economics,
8th Edition, ISBN: 978-0-13-274565-9 by Paul Newbold, William L. Carlson and Betty Thorne,
published by Pearson Education, Inc., © 2013.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the
prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom is-
sued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text
does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use
of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.
Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other
countries. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation.
Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in
the documents and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and related
graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim
all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties and conditions of merchantabil-
ity, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall
Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages
whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious ac-
tion, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services.
The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical er-
rors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may
make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time.
Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified.
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook
appear on the appropriate page within the text.
ISBN 13: 978-0-273-76706-0
ISBN 10: 0-273-76706-2
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
16 15 14 13 12
Typeset in Palatino LT Std by PreMediaGlobal, Inc.
Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
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Editor in Chief: Donna Battista
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Chuck Synovec
Senior Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Steven Jackson
Editor, Global Edition: Leandra Paoli
Senior Editorial Project Manager: Mary Kate Murray
Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury
Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan
Executive Marketing Manager: Anne Fahlgren
Marketing Manager, International: Dean Erasmus
Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale
Production Project Manager: Jacqueline A. Martin
Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila
Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen
Art Director: Steve Frim
Cover Designer: Jodi Notowitz
Cover Art: © Zoe - Fotolia.com
Media Project Manager: John Cassar
Associate Media Project Manager: Sarah Peterson
Full-Service Project Management: PreMediaGlobal, Inc.
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearson.com/uk
© Pearson Education Limited 2013
The rights of Paul Newbold, William L. Carlson and Betty Thorne to be identified as authors of this work have
been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorised adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Statistics for Business and Economics,
8th Edition, ISBN: 978-0-13-274565-9 by Paul Newbold, William L. Carlson and Betty Thorne,
published by Pearson Education, Inc., © 2013.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the
prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom is-
sued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text
does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use
of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.
Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other
countries. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation.
Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in
the documents and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and related
graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim
all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties and conditions of merchantabil-
ity, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall
Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages
whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious ac-
tion, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services.
The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical er-
rors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may
make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time.
Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified.
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook
appear on the appropriate page within the text.
ISBN 13: 978-0-273-76706-0
ISBN 10: 0-273-76706-2
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
16 15 14 13 12
Typeset in Palatino LT Std by PreMediaGlobal, Inc.
Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
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I dedicate this book to Sgt. Lawrence Martin Carlson, who
gave his life in service to his country on November 19,
2006, and to his mother, Charlotte Carlson, to his sister and
brother, Andrea and Douglas, to his children, Savannah,
and Ezra, and to his nieces, Helana, Anna, Eva Rose, and
Emily.
William L. Carlson
I dedicate this book to my husband, Jim, and to our family,
Jennie, Ann, Renee, Jon, Chris, Jon, Hannah, Leah, Christina,
Jim, Wendy, Marius, Mihaela, Cezara, Anda, and Mara Iulia.
Betty M. Thorne
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gave his life in service to his country on November 19,
2006, and to his mother, Charlotte Carlson, to his sister and
brother, Andrea and Douglas, to his children, Savannah,
and Ezra, and to his nieces, Helana, Anna, Eva Rose, and
Emily.
William L. Carlson
I dedicate this book to my husband, Jim, and to our family,
Jennie, Ann, Renee, Jon, Chris, Jon, Hannah, Leah, Christina,
Jim, Wendy, Marius, Mihaela, Cezara, Anda, and Mara Iulia.
Betty M. Thorne
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4
Dr. Bill Carlson is professor emeritus of economics at St. Olaf College, where he taught
for 31 years, serving several times as department chair and in various administrative func-
tions, including director of academic computing. He has also held leave assignments with
the U.S. government and the University of Minnesota in addition to lecturing at many dif-
ferent universities. He was elected an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa. In addition, he
spent 10 years in private industry and contract research prior to beginning his career at St.
Olaf. His education includes engineering degrees from Michigan Technological University
(BS) and from the Illinois Institute of Technology (MS) and a PhD in quantitative man-
agement from the Rackham Graduate School at the University of Michigan. Numerous
research projects related to management, highway safety, and statistical education have
produced more than 50 publications. He received the Metropolitan Insurance Award of
Merit for Safety Research. He has previously published two statistics textbooks. An im-
portant goal of this book is to help students understand the forest and not be lost in the
trees. Hiking the Lake Superior trail in Northern Minnesota helps in developing this goal.
Professor Carlson led a number of study-abroad programs, ranging from 1 to 5 months, for
study in various countries around the world. He was the executive director of the Cannon
Valley Elder Collegium and a regular volunteer for a number of community activities. He
is a member of both the Methodist and Lutheran disaster-relief teams and a regular partic-
ipant in the local Habitat for Humanity building team. He enjoys his grandchildren, wood-
working, travel, reading, and being on assignment on the North Shore of Lake Superior.
Dr. Betty M. Thorne, author, researcher, and award-winning teacher, is professor of sta-
tistics and director of undergraduate studies in the School of Business Administration at
Stetson University in DeLand, Florida. Winner of Stetson University’s McEniry Award for
Excellence in Teaching, the highest honor given to a Stetson University faculty member,
Dr. Thorne is also the recipient of the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award and Pro-
fessor of the Year Award in the School of Business Administration at Stetson. Dr. Thorne
teaches in Stetson University’s undergradaute business program in DeLand, Florida, and
also in Stetson’s summer program in Innsbruck, Austria; Stetson University’s College of
Law; Stetson University’s Executive MBA program; and Stetson University’s Executive
Passport program. Dr. Thorne has received various teaching awards in the JD/MBA pro-
gram at Stetson’s College of Law in Gulfport, Florida. She received her BS degree from
Geneva College and MA and PhD degrees from Indiana University. She has co-au-
thored statistics textbooks which have been translated into several languages and ad-
opted by universities, nationally and internationally. She serves on key school and
university committees. Dr. Thorne, whose research has been published in various ref-
ereed journals, is a member of the American Statistical Association, the Decision Sci-
ence Institute, Beta Alpha Psi, Beta Gamma Sigma, and the Academy of International
Business. She and her husband, Jim, have four children. They travel extensively, attend
theological conferences and seminars, participate in international organizations dedicated
to helping disadvantaged children, and do missionary work in Romania.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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Dr. Bill Carlson is professor emeritus of economics at St. Olaf College, where he taught
for 31 years, serving several times as department chair and in various administrative func-
tions, including director of academic computing. He has also held leave assignments with
the U.S. government and the University of Minnesota in addition to lecturing at many dif-
ferent universities. He was elected an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa. In addition, he
spent 10 years in private industry and contract research prior to beginning his career at St.
Olaf. His education includes engineering degrees from Michigan Technological University
(BS) and from the Illinois Institute of Technology (MS) and a PhD in quantitative man-
agement from the Rackham Graduate School at the University of Michigan. Numerous
research projects related to management, highway safety, and statistical education have
produced more than 50 publications. He received the Metropolitan Insurance Award of
Merit for Safety Research. He has previously published two statistics textbooks. An im-
portant goal of this book is to help students understand the forest and not be lost in the
trees. Hiking the Lake Superior trail in Northern Minnesota helps in developing this goal.
Professor Carlson led a number of study-abroad programs, ranging from 1 to 5 months, for
study in various countries around the world. He was the executive director of the Cannon
Valley Elder Collegium and a regular volunteer for a number of community activities. He
is a member of both the Methodist and Lutheran disaster-relief teams and a regular partic-
ipant in the local Habitat for Humanity building team. He enjoys his grandchildren, wood-
working, travel, reading, and being on assignment on the North Shore of Lake Superior.
Dr. Betty M. Thorne, author, researcher, and award-winning teacher, is professor of sta-
tistics and director of undergraduate studies in the School of Business Administration at
Stetson University in DeLand, Florida. Winner of Stetson University’s McEniry Award for
Excellence in Teaching, the highest honor given to a Stetson University faculty member,
Dr. Thorne is also the recipient of the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award and Pro-
fessor of the Year Award in the School of Business Administration at Stetson. Dr. Thorne
teaches in Stetson University’s undergradaute business program in DeLand, Florida, and
also in Stetson’s summer program in Innsbruck, Austria; Stetson University’s College of
Law; Stetson University’s Executive MBA program; and Stetson University’s Executive
Passport program. Dr. Thorne has received various teaching awards in the JD/MBA pro-
gram at Stetson’s College of Law in Gulfport, Florida. She received her BS degree from
Geneva College and MA and PhD degrees from Indiana University. She has co-au-
thored statistics textbooks which have been translated into several languages and ad-
opted by universities, nationally and internationally. She serves on key school and
university committees. Dr. Thorne, whose research has been published in various ref-
ereed journals, is a member of the American Statistical Association, the Decision Sci-
ence Institute, Beta Alpha Psi, Beta Gamma Sigma, and the Academy of International
Business. She and her husband, Jim, have four children. They travel extensively, attend
theological conferences and seminars, participate in international organizations dedicated
to helping disadvantaged children, and do missionary work in Romania.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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5
Preface 13
Data File Index 19
CHAPTER 1 Using Graphs to Describe Data 21
CHAPTER 2 Using Numerical Measures to Describe Data 59
CHAPTER 3 Elements of Chance: Probability Methods 93
CHAPTER 4 Discrete Probability Distributions 146
CHAPTER 5 Continuous Probability Distributions 197
CHAPTER 6 Distributions of Sample Statistics 244
CHAPTER 7 Confidence Interval Estimation: One Population 284
CHAPTER 8 Confidence Interval Estimation: Further Topics 328
CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests of a Single Population 346
CHAPTER 10 Two Population Hypothesis Tests 385
CHAPTER 11 Two Variable Regression Analysis 417
CHAPTER 12 Multiple Variable Regression Analysis 473
CHAPTER 13 Additional Topics in Regression Analysis 551
CHAPTER 14 Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics 602
CHAPTER 15 Analysis of Variance 645
CHAPTER 16 Forecasting with Time-Series Models 684
CHAPTER 17 Sampling: Stratified, Cluster, and Other Sampling Methods 716
Appendix Tables 738
Index 783
BRIEF CONTENTS
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Preface 13
Data File Index 19
CHAPTER 1 Using Graphs to Describe Data 21
CHAPTER 2 Using Numerical Measures to Describe Data 59
CHAPTER 3 Elements of Chance: Probability Methods 93
CHAPTER 4 Discrete Probability Distributions 146
CHAPTER 5 Continuous Probability Distributions 197
CHAPTER 6 Distributions of Sample Statistics 244
CHAPTER 7 Confidence Interval Estimation: One Population 284
CHAPTER 8 Confidence Interval Estimation: Further Topics 328
CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests of a Single Population 346
CHAPTER 10 Two Population Hypothesis Tests 385
CHAPTER 11 Two Variable Regression Analysis 417
CHAPTER 12 Multiple Variable Regression Analysis 473
CHAPTER 13 Additional Topics in Regression Analysis 551
CHAPTER 14 Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics 602
CHAPTER 15 Analysis of Variance 645
CHAPTER 16 Forecasting with Time-Series Models 684
CHAPTER 17 Sampling: Stratified, Cluster, and Other Sampling Methods 716
Appendix Tables 738
Index 783
BRIEF CONTENTS
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